Tag: Boeing Starliner

Space News for May 2024: 

Regular readers of this blog may have noticed that I haven’t been posting any Space News recently, not since February in fact. The reason for this is that I have been waiting for the Final Test Launch (FTL) and first manned mission of Boeing’s Starliner capsule. Well after years of delays and redesigns Starliner is still not ready and the launch, which was originally set for mid April was pushed back to May 6 only to have weather cause a delay until the 7th. That bad weather was probably a good thing however because on the 7th, even as the two crew members were in their seats waiting for ignition a valve on the Atlas 5 launch vehicle started misbehaving. So the whole mission was delayed yet again and the astronauts removed from the capsule.

Compared to the problems Boeing is having with their commercial aircraft their difficulties with Starliner are really rather small, but get a lot of publicity! (Credit: WESH)

The launch was then rescheduled for May 17th but while the engineers at the Kennedy Space Center were working on the malfunctioning valve on the Atlas 5 a helium valve on Starliner itself began to leak pushing back the launch until no earlier than the 25th of May, and I wouldn’t put any money on that Since I wrote this post it’s been further delayed into June!). So I decided to move on and talk about other happenings in the exploration of space.

It’s all up to the individual, some people simply cannot see any reason for exploring the Universe. If you’re reading these words however I think I can assume it’s important to you. (Credit: Earth and Space Exploration Center)

In manned spaceflight on the 25th of April China successfully launched three Taikonauts aboard the Shenzhou 18 spacecraft to their Tiangong space station. Arriving at the space station the Taikonauts relieved the Shenzhou 17 crew who had occupied Tiangong for six months. The Shenzhou 17 crew then returned to Earth several days later.

The launch of China’s Shenzhou 18 mission to their Tiangong space station. Shenzhou 18 is the seventh crew to occupy Tiangong giving China a long term presence in Low Earth Orbit (LOE). (Credit: Current Affairs – Adda247)

Crew transfer and cargo resupply missions to Tiangong have now become routine for China’s space agency just as they have for NASA and Roscommon, Russia’s space agency. China’s growing capability in space is becoming a concern to strategic analysts in the west. Along with their space station China has landed two probes on the Moon’s farside, something no other nation has achieved.

China’s Chang’e 5 lunar probe, mission currently underway, will be the first ever return sample mission from the Moon’s far side. (Credit: Business Standard)

With a stated goal of landing Taikonauts on the Moon by 2030 some commentators are trying to invent another ‘Space Race’ between the US and China. Unlike the USSR however, which simply gave up any plans for landing on the Moon after the Americans succeeded, China seems content to just move ahead at its own pace as opposed to the streaks and stops that NASA has endured because of politics here in the US.

Why does it seem like the US only gets serious about space when we think somebody else might be beating us? (Credit: Global Times)

However the big news to me this month isn’t in manned spaceflight. Rather it’s the success that the engineers at the Jet Propulsion Labouratory (JPL) have had in reestablishing communication with the Voyager 1 space probe, the farthest man made object from Earth. Launched back in 1977 the two Voyager space probes completed their flyby missions to the four gas giants of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune and have for over 45 years now continued to send back data about conditions in the outer solar system.

The Voyager 1 spaceprobe. This Illustration is from about 1975 but Voyager is still out there, observing the conditions in Interstellar Space now, the first man made object to ever leave our solar system. (Credit: NASA)

At 45 years old and a distance from Earth of 24 billion kilometers it was amazing that the Voyagers were still working at all so back in November of 2023 when Voyager 1 started sending back gibberish instead of readable data the engineers at JPL feared for the worst but hoped for the best. The engineers were hopeful that they might be able to fix the problem because the spacecraft was still radioing back something, so it was still alive.

To most of us the good data from Voyager would look like just a bunch of 1’s and 0’s but to the engineers at JPL those digits are worth more than gold. (Credit: USA Today)

At a distance of 24 billion kilometers it takes more than 22 hours for a radio signal to travel from Earth to Voyager, and an equal time for a response to get back to Earth. So there wasn’t going to be a quick fix to the problem. In fact it wasn’t until March of 2024 that the engineers were certain that the problem lay in one of Voyager’s three onboard computers, in a section referred to as Flight Data Subsystem (FDS).

Photo of a Voyager Flight Data Simulator from before the spacecraft was assembled. Notice this is serial number S/N 003 so this was probably installed on Voyager 1 and may very well be the cause of the problem! (Credit: Ars Technica)

The engineers finally discovered that the problem was caused by the malfunction of a single chip responsible for storing the FDS’s operating code. The engineers therefore came up with a plan to restore the software on several other chips that were still functioning. The team initiated their plan on the 18th of April and on the 20th they began receiving back usable data about the health of Voyager 1. There’s still more work to do relocating and adjusting other portions of the software that was stored on the malfunctioning chip but at least Voyager 1 is back to communicating properly with Earth.

So how long can the two Voyager spacecraft continue to operate? No one really knows for certain. Even if the engineers at JPL can keep fixing any problems the energy both Voyagers get from Radioactive Thermoelectric Generators or RTVs is slowing getting smaller. Their power has been decreasing over the last 45 years so how long they keep working is anybody’s guess. (Credit: Quora)

Finally, Sierra Space Corporation’s Dream Chaser mini-shuttle, see my post of 23 December 2023, has completed its environmental testing at NASA’s Neil Armstrong Test Facility and on the 20th of May was delivered to the Kennedy Space Center to begin preparations for its maiden flight. Sometime later this year the unmanned spacecraft be launched into orbit aboard a United Launch Alliance’s Vulcan rocket on a mission to deliver 3500 kilograms of cargo to the International Space Station (ISS). If the Dream Chaser’s mission is successful the unmanned, reusable mini-shuttle will join Space X’s cargo Dragon and Orbital Sciences Corporation’s Cygnus as commercial cargo spacecraft supplying both the ISS and any future orbital stations.

The Dream Chaser spacecraft (foreground) next to the iconic NASA space shuttle. (Credit: Autoevolution)

Sierra Space Corporation’s plans for Dream Chaser go beyond unmanned missions however, from the beginning Dream Chaser was intended to eventually become a manned craft. If that comes to pass then NASA and commercial space corporations will have three privately owned space systems for getting people into Low Earth Orbit (LOE).

There are a lot of plans out there right now for privately owned, commercial space stations. By 2030 there will almost certainly be several in orbit. (Credit: Space.com)

So imagine ten to fifteen years from now. There are maybe a half dozen space stations in orbit, being regularly supplied by three distinct cargo spacecraft. At the same time another three distinct space capsules are taking astronauts, many of them civilians, between Earth and those stations.

O’k maybe it’s going to a while before we get to this stage but it really is only a matter of time. (Credit: National Air and Space Museum)

Right now we are building the infrastructure of LOE, within a generation we really will be starting the colonization of nearby space.

Space News for September 2023: A rescue in Interstellar Space, Two Lunar landers and Manned Space News

When it comes to getting your money’s worth NASA certainly can’t complain about the two Voyager space probes that were launched way back in 1977. After having accomplished all of their mission objectives by visiting the gas giant planets of, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune the spacecraft are still operating, sending back priceless data after 45 years in space. Now the two probes have left our solar system and are in interstellar space giving scientists their first in situ measurements of conditions in the void between the stars.

Like a classic car that, with careful maintenance just keeps getting better with age, the two Voyager space probes have proven their value a dozen times over. (Credit: BBC)

So when a problem occurs with such a venerable spacecraft it gets a lot of attention from the engineers at the Jet Propulsion Labouratories (JPL) who built and have managed the Voyager missions from the beginning. Especially when they caused the problem. You see the trouble happened on the 21st of July when a series or routine orders meant to align Voyager 2’s antenna so that it was correctly aimed at Earth contained a typo that instead caused the antenna to point in the wrong direction, a full 2º away from our planet. As a result Voyager 2 was unable to either send or receive any signal from Earth.

Like a telescope a dish antenna aims its signals at a very precise point in the sky. If that aiming is just slightly off, communications failure! (Credit: Wikipedia)

Thankfully Voyager 1 was unaffected and the good news was that Voyager 2 is programmed to automatically realign back to Earth several times a year so whatever else happened the spacecraft would try to reconnect on October 15th. Nevertheless NASA was determined to reestablish communication with Voyager 2 before then.

The Voyager probes were built by, and are still managed by the engineers at the Jet Propulsion Labouratory in Pasadena, California. If those guys can’t fix a problem, nobody can! (Credit: Jet Propulsion Labouratory – NASA)

The first thing for NASA to try was to see if they could pick up Voyager 2’s signal using the biggest antenna they had, the giant dish antenna outside Australia’s capitol Canberra. That large dish is a part of NASA’s Deep Space Network that keeps in contact with our most distant probes. On the 2nd of August the Canberra receivers succeeded in picking up what JPL termed Voyager 2’s “heartbeat”. It was therefore decided to try to send the correct signal to the probe in the hopes of restoring full communications. Adding to the complications is the fact that the spacecraft is so far away from Earth that it takes 18 hours for a radio signal to reach Voyager 2, and another 18 hours for any reply to come back.

NASA’s Deep Space Network handles the communications for all of NASA’s interplanetary probes and is highlighted by the big 34 meter dish antenna outside Canberra, Australia. (Credit: YouTube)

Despite all the difficulties on the 7th of August NASA succeeded in regaining full communications with Voyager 2, a marvel considering how old, and how far away Voyager 2 is. So we are still getting priceless data about interstellar space from humanity’s oldest still active spacecraft, Voyager 2 was actually launched before Voyager 1.

The launch of Voyager 2 back on 20 August 1977. How many of our TVs or Radios or other electronics from back then are still working? (Credit: Universe Today)

Two other unmanned space probes have also been making some news this past month as both Russia and India attempted to land spacecraft on the Moon. For Russian this was the first time in 47 years that they had tried to land on our nearest neighbor while for India it is their growing space program’s first attempt at a landing on any other world.

Hoping to be the first nation to successfully land near the Moon’s south pole Russia also hoped that Luna 25 would revive their once mighty deep space exploration program. (Credit: AP News)

Although Indian’s Chandrayaan-3 probe was launched first, back on July 14th, it was Russia’s Luna 25 that first attempted a landing on the 19th of August with a result that was a complete disaster for the Russian space program. As the lander was starting its descent an engine misfire caused a crash landing with the complete loss of the spacecraft.

The crash of LUNA 25 caused the crater in the center of this image and was another in a long series of disappointments for the Russian space program. (Credit: BBC)

Chandrayaan-3’s attempt four days later was more successful making India only the forth nation to soft land a spacecraft on the Moon. The landing also marked the first time any spacecraft had landed near the Moon’s south pole, a region that may become very important in the coming years as it is thought that deposits of water ice could be hidden there, water that could help sustain a future Lunar base or colony. In addition to an array of instruments to study the surface Chandrayaan-3 also carries a small rover that will operate for at least one Lunar day, which lasts 14 Earth days.

Image of the Chandrayaan-3 lander on the Lunar surface taken by its small rover. Both spacecraft represent a big success for India’s growing space program. (Credit: The Times of India)
Image of the Chabdrayaan 3 Rover taken by the main lander. (Credit: Hindustan Times)

The results of the two Moon landings may be a sign of what is to come for both countries with India on the way up while Russia is on its way down. As the Soviet Union, Russia was once the clear leader in space exploration but the country’s last major achievement by itself in space was the MIR space station back in the 1990s. Since then Russia has been in a downward spiral with Vladimir Putin robbing its treasury to keep his oligarchs happy while starting fruitless wars against his neighbors.

Vladimir Putin is more interested in grabbing pieces of his neighbors territory than he is in making the lives of his people better let alone in the exploration of space. (Credit: U. S. Naval Institute)

India, on the other hand has been steadily growing both in terms of its economy and its access to technology. India’s space program is a sign of that growth and a source of national pride. With the landing of Chandrayaan-3 India becomes part of an elite group space faring nations with even more ambitious plans for the future.

Now India has even succeeded in sending another probe to study the Sun! With plans to launch a manned mission in 3-4 years India is set to become a space powerhouse. (Credit: Space.com)

There is also some news about manned spaceflight and again it’s all about Space X and Boeing. On August 25th the Crew Seven mission was successfully launched to the International Space Station (ISS) with one of Space X’s Dragon capsules atop one of their Falcon 9 rockets. This mission is Space X’s 11th manned spaceflight and the seventh to send a full crew to the ISS under NASA’s commercial crew program.

A night time launch started NASA’s crew 7 crew on their way to the ISS. They successfully docked less than 24 hours later. (Credit: Austin County News)

The four astronauts aboard Dragon come from four different nations, all a part of the ISS consortium. Commander Jasmin Moghbeli is a former US Marine pilot now with NASA while the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Andreas Morgensen is from Denmark. Rounding out the crew are mission specialist Satoshi Furukawa from Japan and Russia’s Konstantin Borisov. All four will remain aboard the ISS for six months in what has become standard operating procedure thanks to Space X.

Five days after the arrival of the Crew 7 astronauts the Crew 6 team returned to Earth in what is becoming a routine operation. (Credit: Space News)

Meanwhile Boeing, which was expected to compete with Space X for missions to and from the ISS, has had a seemingly endless series of problems with its Starliner space capsule. Last April Boeing finally succeeded in sending an unmanned Starliner capsule to the ISS as a test flight and it was hoped that a final, crewed test flight would take place by the end of the year.

NASA planned on Boeing’s Starliner (l) competing with Space X’s Dragon capsule (r). It hasn’t worked out that way. The score to date is eleven manned missions for Space X to zero for Boeing! (Credit: Florida Today)

Complications arose with the capsule’s parachute system however along with some adhesive that could pose a fire risk under certain circumstances. The work of satisfying NASA’s rigid safety protocols grew and grew until now it seems as if that final manned test flight of Starliner will not take place until March of 2023 at the earliest.

In May of 2022 the parachutes worked well on Starliner’s unmanned test flight. Nevertheless Boeing has had problems with the system and parachutes are one system you want to be certain are going to work perfectly. (Credit: EarthSky)

Despite all of their difficulties with Starliner Boeing insists they are committed to the program, having secured enough parts to build a further six capsules. If Starliner does succeed in taking astronauts to the ISS early next year it is hoped that the first crew mission could take place just about a year from now. Going forward then Space X and Boeing would alternate crew staffing missions until the end of the ISS program that is expected to be in 2030.

Now scheduled to continue in operation until 2030, the International Space Station is humanity’s first real home away from Earth. (Credit: Scientific American)

Even with all of the problems, space exploration is expanding with more countries like India becoming involved, with private companies like Space X reducing costs and with new missions to explore our solar system and the infinite beyond.

Space News for April 2021.

Like the Wright brothers’ first flight, which only went 36 meters, the April 19th flight of the Ingenuity helicopter may not have gone far, but it was the first powered flight by a human built aircraft on another planet. There’s also a lot of other news concerning both manned and robotic spaceflight but I’ll begin with Ingenuity.

The Ingenuity helicopter resting on the Martian surface prior to its first flight. Notice the tracks of the Perseverance rover in front of the ‘copter. This image was taken by Perseverance. (Credit: CNN)

NASA’s newest rover to Mars Perseverance carried the tiny, 1.8 kg, Ingenuity helicopter with it to the red planet as it made its landing back on the 18th of February. Then a little more than a month later on March 28th the rover gently placed the small helicopter on the Martian surface in preparation for its first flight. After taking several days to check out Ingenuity’s system it was decided to carry out one last full spin test of the helicopter’s rotors on April 9th leading to a scheduled first flight on April 11th.

Perseverance deploying the Ingenuity helicopter. (Credit: CNET)

As with any new technology there are always teething problems and during the April 9th test the Ingenuity rotors failed to reach their full spin speed of 2500 RPM. Taking about a week to investigate the problem and transmit a new software package to the helicopter the engineers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Labouratory (JPL) carried out a more successful test on April 17th. With that final test completed the first flight of Ingenuity was scheduled for the early morning hours of April 19th. To watch a YouTube video of that first flight click on the link provided https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfHfQamhimE

The flight plan was deliberately simple; the small helicopter would rise about 3m into the air and hover in place for a few seconds. While hovering Ingenuity would turn 90º, hover for a little while more before descending and landing, as close to it’s takeoff location as possible.

It all went perfectly and the proof of just how successful the test went was provided by a video taken by the Perseverance rover parked just 20m away. With this first, historic flight completed the engineers at JPL went on to conduct two other flights with the longest lasting 80 seconds aloft while traveling 100 meters at a maximum speed of 7.2kph. With three flights completed, two additional flights for the little helicopter remain to be carried out in earl May.

A few facts about Ingenuity and its first flight. (Credit: Phys.org)

Ingenuity after all is a technology demonstrator; it was designed to see if flying on Mars, where the atmosphere is only 1% as dense as here on Earth, was even possible. The helicopter’s creators want to learn everything they can about the problems and possibilities of flight there. Nevertheless during those test flights it is hoped that Ingenuity may prove useful to Perseverance as a reconnaissance aircraft looking for interesting rock formations that Perseverance can then examine close up.

And Perseverance may have a new neighbor on the Martian surface before long as the Chinese space agency has announced plans to send the descent module of their Tianwen 1 space probe for a landing sometime in mid-May. The Tianwen 1 probe, which entered orbit around the red planet in February, consists of a combined orbiter and lander modules and the scientists leading the mission have spend the last two months both checking out the spacecraft and determining exactly where they wanted to target their lander. If successful the Tianwen 1 lander would make China only the second nation to successfully place a robotic probe on the Martian surface.

China’s Tianwen-1 space probe is currently orbiting Mars and preparing to detach and land a small rover. (Credit: Yahoo news UK)

Further out in the Solar System NASA’s Osiris-REx space probe will leave orbit around the asteroid Bennu on May 10th and begin its long journey back to Earth. Osiris-REx has been studying the asteroid for 3 years and back on October 20, 2020 and even made contact with Bennu in a Touch and Go sample collecting maneuver. Currently Osiris-REx is conducting one last flyover of Bennu paying particular attention to the area where it carried out the Touch and Go.

Images taken during Osiris-REx’s Touch and Go landing on the asteroid Bennu. (Credit:NewsBeezer)

You see during that maneuver the spacecraft’s sample gathering arm sank a full 48.8 cm into the asteroid’s surface and when Osiris-REx fired its thrusters to pull away a considerable amount to dust and debris erupted in the asteroid’s low gravity. While no harm was done to Osiris-REx the scientists at JPL were curious as to whether the Touch and Go had altered the surface of Bennu.

Before and after images of the surface of Bennu. Osiris-REx made a nice little divot on the surface. (Credit: NASA)

Turned out the encounter had left a nice scar where Osiris-REx landed, a mark that could last for thousands of years in the airless microgravity of Bennu. Just another example of how the human race is now making a mark not only on our own planet but also throughout the Solar System.

There are a few other brief items that I’ll cover quickly. The final two passengers have been selected for the first fully commercial space flight. As I mentioned in my post of the 17th of March of this year billionaire Jared Isaacman has hired Space X to send him and three ‘guests’ into orbit for a 3-5 day long ‘vacation’. Isaacman wants to use the flight to help publicize his favourite charity, Saint Jude’s Children’s Research Hospital and so for his first companion he choose physician’s assistant Hayley Arceneaux who was herself a cancer patient at St. Jude’s when she was a child.

The two remaining seats on what has been christened the ‘Inspiration 4’ mission will now go to Doctor Sian Proctor and Chris Sembroski. Doctor Proctor is a Geoscientist and space communication expert who was awarded her chance to travel into space by winning a contest sponsored by Isaacman’s e-commerce company Shift 4 payments.

The crew of Inspiration 4 mission. Left to right, Jared Isaacman, Hayley Arceneaux, Sian Proctor and Chris Sembroski. (Credit: Daily Express)

Mister Sembroski was chosen from some 72,000 entries to a fundraising contest benefiting St. Jude’s and will serve as a mission specialist for the flight. Currently the mission, which will launch from pad 39A at the Kennedy Space Center, is scheduled to take off no earlier than September 15 of 2021.

Even while Space X is moving forward with its commercialization of human spaceflight Boeing’s Starliner Space Capsule can’t seem to get off the launch pad, quite literally. The final unmanned test flight of Starliner, officially Orbital Flight Test-2 (OFT-2), had been scheduled for this month but because of technical problems with the capsule’s avionics that launch date will have to be delayed at least a month.

The Boeing Starliner capsule being readied for its second OFT-2 flight. Continuing problems have now delayed that flight until at least August! (Credit: CNET)

Problem is that the launch facilities at Kennedy are booked right through mid-summer. The earliest date possible for Starliner’s unmanned flight is August, which will almost certainly push back the earliest manned test flight, officially Crew Test Flight-1 (CTF-1) currently scheduled for September. Just further delays on a program that seems to be going nowhere.

Oh, and speaking of Space X, the Hawthorn California based company launched it’s third manned mission to the ISS. The mission, officially named Crew-2 by NASA, carried two NASA, one European Space Agency and One Japanese Space Agency astronaut into Low Earth Orbit (LOE) on the 23rd of April. Mission commander Shane Kimbrough along with pilot Megan McArthur rode their Falcon 9 rocket with mission specialists Thomas Pesquet and Akihiko Hoshide to relieve the current Crew-1 astronauts and begin a 6-month tour aboard the ISS. The Crew-1 astronauts are scheduled to return to Earth aboard their Space X dragon capsule on the first of May.

In this image made from NASA video, the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft lifts off for the Crew-2 mission carrying NASA astronauts Shane Kimbrough, Megan McArthur, ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Thomas Pesquet, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) astronaut Akihiko Hoshide from Launch Complex 39A, Friday, April 23, 2021, at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla. (NASA via AP)
The Space X crew 2 astronauts, in black jerseys, join the other astronauts aboard the ISS. These 11 crew members represents the most people in space at the same time since the end of NASA’s shuttle program. (Credit: SpaceNews)

With their third manned mission for NASA in less than a year and the coming launch of their first purely civilian mission Space X is generating quite a lot of excitement. Is this the start of a new age in space with commercial and national agencies working together to explore our solar system?

Space News for July 2020.

There are a number of small items to discuss this month so let’s get started.

First of all, things continue to go smoothly for Space X’s first manned mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley have been on the ISS for more than a month now, assisting the regular crew in their maintenance and repair work. Bob Behnken even got to perform an EVA with his fellow American astronaut Chris Cassidy in order to replace a number of the station’s external batteries.

The Space X Dragon capsule attached to the ISS as photographed by astronaut Bob Behnken during his EVA. (Credit: Teslarati.com)

Although NASA has yet to announce exactly when Behnken and Hurley will return to Earth in their Dragon capsule they are probably about halfway through their mission. Before they leave however NASA plans on conducting some kind of emergency station test using the Space X Dragon capsule as a part of the test.

The idea is to pretend that a disaster to the ISS forces all five members of the crew, the three Americans plus two Russian cosmonauts, to use the Space X Dragon capsule as a lifeboat. Now the capsule will not actually undock from the ISS. It will however be quickly woken up and brought back to operational status. All five crewmembers will climb aboard the capsule and remain there for several hours, simulating a real emergency.

The current five member crew of the ISS will participate in an emergency drill using the Dragon capsule as a potential lifeboat. (Credit: Positively Osceola)

Continuing with manned spaceflight NASA has announced the results of their analysis of the problems that occurred during the unmanned Orbital Test Flight (OFT) of Boeing’s Starliner capsule back in December 2020. During that flight a software problem occurred that caused the spacecraft to carry out the wrong maneuver, using up so much fuel that it was unable to rendezvous with the ISS. The capsule was able to return safely to Earth but an initial review of the mission revealed several other serious software issues that went unnoticed during the actual test flight.

The launch and landing of the Boeing Starliner capsule went perfectly on its unmanned test flight. The problems all occurred in between! (Credit: Space.com)

Based upon their review NASA engineers have made a total of 80 recommendations to Boeing that the aerospace firm must address before a second, unmanned OFT can be conducted. Boeing hopes to implement the necessary changes quickly, in fact the engineering effort is already well underway, with an eye towards a launch date late this year for the second OFT.

That would allow Boeing to conduct their first manned flight with Starliner early next year. Once that flight has taken place the US will for the first time ever have two operational space systems for getting astronauts into orbit, both owned and operated by commercial corporations.

In just a couple of years NASA hopes to have three capsules taking their astronauts into space. Here are Orion, Dragon and Starliner (CST-100) compared to the Apollo command module. (Credit: Quora)

NASA also hopes that next year will see the first, unmanned test launch of the long awaited Space Launch System and Orion capsule, a launch vehicle that will not only take astronauts into Earth orbit but beyond. The SLS is in fact the foundation of NASA’s Artemis program with its ambitious goal of returning Americans to the Moon by the year 2024. Pieces of the first SLS rocket are finally, many years behind schedule starting to arrive at Cape Kennedy for assembly with an intention of the initial test launch of the whole rocket sometime in 2021.

If SLS block 1 is ever completed, it’s already five years behind schedule, this is what it will look like on the launch pad. (Credit: NASA)

The Artemis goal of putting Americans back on the Moon is more than just ambitious; it’s expensive. So when on July 7th the US House of Representatives Appropriations Committee released its funding bill for NASA it could only be considered disappointing. As announced the funding for NASA in 2021 will remain at exactly the same level as in the current fiscal year, $22.63 billion dollars. In other words there is no new money of any kind for Artemis.

The House Appropriations Committee in action. With all of the money being directed to fight the Covid-19 pandemic there’s little desire to increase NASA’s budget. (Credit: LegBranch)

That figure of $22.63 billion is about $3 billion less than NASA requested and the worst part is that the monetary shortfall comes from the budget earmarked for the design and development of a new lunar lander, the major piece of hardware currently not yet under construction. Now the budget bill has not yet been passed by congress, more money could be added before it is passed. And even if the budget isn’t increased NASA could undoubtedly divert money from other projects in an effort to keep making progress on the lander.

Nevertheless the Artemis schedule was very tight to begin with and without some real support in congress it is likely that a return to the Moon could, like all of NASA’s manned deep space proposals over the last 30 years, be underfunded and delayed until it just dies.

My final item for today deals not with NASA’s manned space efforts, but rather with its more successful robotic exploration probes. Back on the 6th of January in 2017 I posted an article about a couple of new NASA missions intended to explore several of the asteroids orbiting the Sun in the belt between Mars and Jupiter. One of these missions is called Psyche after the metal rich asteroid that is its target.

Just this month the engineering team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory designing Psyche completed their work and the final design has been approved. This means that work on the spacecraft’s hardware can begin with full assembly and testing to begin in February of 2021.

The design phase of the Psyche space probe is completed but the spacecraft must be built quickly if it is to launch in 2022. (Credit: MarketWatch)

The schedule for Psyche is tight. The spacecraft must be launched in August of 2022 if it is to use a gravity assist from Mars in order to reach its target. Arrival at Psyche will then be in early 2026.

Space News for March 2020.

Last month’s Space News was all about the race between Space x and Boeing to see which of these two aerospace corporations would be the first to launch a privately owned spacecraft carrying live astronauts. That is the stated goal of NASA’s ‘Commercial Crew Program’, a program that is now two years behind schedule. See my post of 25Jan2020. There’s been a bit more news about Space X and Boeing since then so I think I’ll begin with an update.

The bad news comes from Boeing. You may recall that back on the 20th of December Boeing launched its Starliner capsule on an unmanned final test flight to the International Space Station (ISS). The launch itself went well but while the spacecraft was adjusting its orbit a software glitch caused the maneuvering rockets to fire for so long that the spacecraft no longer had enough fuel to reach the ISS and complete the mission. The capsule was brought down from orbit and successfully recovered with what appeared to be only that single, software problem.

Launch of the Boeing Starliner Capsule on its Orbital Test Flight. Turns out the spacecraft had several software related problems during the test. (Credit: CNN.Com)

Not so fast. Turns out that there was another, potentially much more dangerous software problem that was caught just a few hours before it could have badly damaged the spacecraft. Just before re-entry the crew capsule has to discard its service module in order to expose the heatshield that will project it from the heat generated by fiction in the atmosphere. Once detached the service module then uses its maneuvering rockets to get out the capsule’s way so it can begin re-entry.

Before Re-entry of the Starliner the Crew Module must separate from the Service Module which then needs to get out of the Crew Module’s way! (Credit: Yahoo Movies UK)

That’s where the second software glitch comes in because the service module’s rockets were being told to fire in exactly the wrong direction. This could have resulted in a collision of the two modules, potentially damaging the capsule’ heatshield and making re-entry impossible.

There may even be more issues that haven’t been identified yet; the NASA investigation isn’t completed. Regardless, this second issue will almost certainly require Boeing to carry out another, more successful unmanned test flight of Starliner before NASA will allow a manned flight.

Boeing’s troubles with its Starliner capsule come on top of the company’s continuing troubles with its 737 Max 800 Jet! (Credit: New York Post)

Which makes it a safe bet that Space X will be the first private company to launch human beings into space. Having aced their final In-Flight-Abort test in January all that remains before astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken climb aboard Space X’s Dragon capsule for a trip to the ISS is paperwork, a lot of paperwork. Informed sources have stated that both NASA and Space X are working toward a target launch date of May 7th but realistically the mission could take place anytime between late April or early June. And just to make certain that the tees are crossed and the eyes dotted on all of that paperwork Space X has announced that they have hired former NASA Associate Director for Human Exploration and Operations William Gerstenmaier to oversee the final details. With his background in NASA’s shuttle and ISS programs Gerstenmaier will see to it that when Dragon does launch it will be as ready to go as humanly possible.

Space X’s Dragon Capsule has completed all of its tests and its first manned mission could come as early as April! (Credit: Space X)
William Gerstenmaier is a long time manager of NASA manned missions. His expertise will be of great value to Space X. (Credit: Space News)

One question still to be resolved is just how long Hurley and Behnken will stay at the ISS. The original plan was for the Dragon capsule to only remain docked to the station for a week but at the moment Chris Cassidy is the only American aboard the ISS. To increase their presence on the ISS NASA is considering extending Hurley and Behnken’s mission to as much as three months. If that option is chosen then Hurley and Behnken may need to undergo some additional ISS training. Whichever option is chosen the countdown has begun, in just a matter of months the U.S. will be back in the business of human space flight.

Space X Astronauts Doug Hurley (r) and Bob Behnken are ready, even anxious to go! (Credit: Space X)

Now of course NASA is also in the unmanned space exploration business as well, and there’s news from the furthest parts of our Solar system and beyond.

NASA is still downloading data from its New Horizons spacecraft that the probe gathered during its flyby of the Kuiper belt object Arrokoth, formerly Ultima Thule, back on New Year’s Day in 2019. Even from the first images that were sent back of the peanut shaped object however planetary scientists became convinced that Arrokoth was actually two objects that were fully formed before they joined softly together. See image below.

The data sent back by New Horizons clearly shows that Arrokoth is two distinct objects that gently came together. (Credit: NASA)

Now the New Horizons team thinks that their models of how Arrokoth formed may have a profound effect on theories of how our entire Solar system came into being. Current ideas about planet formation are rather violent, with orbiting boulders smashing into each other while proto-planets were bombarded by a constant rain of meteoroids.

Was the formation of the Earth this violent? The data from Arrokoth seems to say no! (Credit: Quora)

The data from New Horizons suggests that the early Solar system may not have been quite so violent however. Perhaps the pieces that made up the planets came together more gently and as the proto-planet grew the force of gravity just squeezed everything together into the familiar ball shape that the planets have today. How much influence the work of the New Horizons scientists will have on our theories of the early solar system remains to be seen, after all other scientists still get their chance to examine and criticize it. Also it’s worth remembering that things are a lot colder and quieter in the outer Solar system anyway, after all Pluto’s velocity around the Sun is just about one tenth that of Mercury’s. With that in mind you would expect events in the outer Solar System to happen less violently.

I’d like to conclude this briefing by discussing the problem that NASA recently successfully fixed on the Voyager 2 space probe. First launched over forty years ago Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited four planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

The Voyager 2 spacecraft has had a rather distinguished career! (Credit: JPL-NASA)

Voyage 2 is still working; it’s left the Solar System now, joining its sister Voyager 1 in interstellar space. With only a tiny amount of energy still being provided by its Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) NASA has shut off all of the probe’s instruments except its magnetometer and cosmic ray detector to save power.

Then on January 25 Voyager 2 failed to perform a routine calibration of its magnetometer. Telemetry from the spacecraft indicated that a fault protection circuit had been activated to prevent a power overload. Since Voyager 2 is now so far away from Earth, 18.5 billion kilometers, it takes 17 hours for an instruction to reach the probe, and another 17 for the spacecraft’s response to reach Earth, even trying to understand the problem took a considerable amount of time. In fact it took a full three days of back and forth messages to sort out the power budget.

Still they did it; they managed to fix a 42-year-old spacecraft that’s now speeding through the space between the stars. Engineers at the Jet Propulsion Labouratory are confident that both Voyager probes could continue their missions for as much as another 10 years. Imagine that, fifty years of exploring both the Solar System as well as interstellar space.   

Space News for November 2019.

Some good news coming this month from space, successes with both manned and unmanned programs along with an interesting new concept for a future space probe. Let’s get started.

First up I’d like to talk about Japan’s Hayabusa 2 space probe that has been studying the asteroid Ryugu, see my posts of 6 January 2018, 30 June 2018, 20 April 2019 and 3 June 2019. Since arriving at the asteroid back in mid 2018 Hayabusa has photographed the asteroid, send down two landers to its surface and even fired a bullet and cannonball at it in order to blast holes that would reveal the asteroid’s internal material. Hayabusa then touched down briefly on Ryugu in order to collect some material from one of the blasted holes.

The asteroid Ryugu that was visited by Japan’s Hayabusa2 space probe. The arrow marks the spot at which Hayabusa fired its projectile. (Credit: Universe Today)
Artists impression of Hayabusa2 collecting samples of Ryugu from the crater its projectile made. (Credit: Universe Today)

Now Hayabusa has left Ryugu and is on its way back to Earth. In late 2020 the spacecraft will release a canister containing the samples collected from Ryugu that will hopefully enter the atmosphere and touch down in the outback of Australia. Once recovered the material from the asteroid will be studied to reveal some of the secrets of how our Solar System was born.

As for the Hayabusa 2 probe itself, well it will pass by our planet and make an escape maneuver that will send it back out into the Solar System where it may continue to send back data for years to come. Let’s all wish it well.

Another recent event was the successful completion of a pad abort test by Space X’s crewed version of their Dragon capsule. This test is designed to verify the capsule’s ability to quickly yank the astronauts away from the launch pad in the event of a potentially deadly problem with the booster rocket.

The Space X crew Dragon capsule undergoing its pad abort test. (Credit: CollectSpace)

You may recall that back in April a Dragon capsule spectacularly failed this very test, the solid fuel rockets intended to pull the capsule safely away instead triggering a massive fire. This failure led to months of investigation as to the cause of the ‘anomaly’ along with a major redesign of the capsule’s abort system.

The April failure of the crew Dragon in its pad abort test. (Credit: AmericaSpace)

That redesign must have done the trick because this time the abort test went off without any problems. That leaves Space X with only the in-flight abort test to pass before a manned mission to the International Space Station (ISS) can be scheduled, hopefully early next year. The competition between Space X and their rival, Boeing’s Starliner capsule is coming down to the wire, which will be the first commercial company to launch astronauts into space? I’ll let you know.

Boeing’s Starliner capsule undergoing its pad abort test. (Credit: NASA)

Meanwhile NASA is continuing its ongoing effort to design new space probes for the continued exploration of our Solar System. One place the planetary scientists are very anxious to study is Saturn’s moon Titan. Titan is the only moon in the Solar System to possess a thick atmosphere and although its surface is extremely cold it still has bodies of liquid, liquid methane that is.

In fact Titan has so many different terrains and environments that a single robotic lander of the kind that have been so successful on the Moon or Mars would only be able study one particular type of the environments of Titan. On the other hand sending multiple probes to do a comprehensive study would be far too expensive, so what can the space agency do? Be innovative!

Engineers from NASA’s Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) program have teamed with both Stanford and Cornell Universities in an effort to develop a ‘shape shifting’ robot that can alter its configuration that will allow it to walk on land, or float on liquid methane or even fly through the air. The current design rolls along the ground like a drum but when required the upper half can separate itself and fly on internal propellers. See image below.

Breadboard model of a shape shifting robot space probe being evaluated by NASA (Credit: JPL-NASA)

Now the engineers do have one big advantage, Titan itself. You see the atmosphere on Titan is thicker than Earth’s even though the gravity on Titan is less than a third that on our planet. These two conditions will actually make flying easier on Titan.

On the other hand floating on a sea of oily liquid may be a little more difficult. Nevertheless the engineers are hard at work on the problem. The final design will be a modular concept, see image below, with each of its various sections being capable of independent action.

Artists impression of the completed shape shifting space probe. (Credit: JPL-NASA)

The current schedule calls for a Titan probe to be launched in 2026 with its arrival in 2034 so the engineers at NIAC still have some time to work on their designs. The concept of a shape-shifting robot is only one of the advanced ideas NASA is considering for the space probes of the future, each one more amazing than the last.

One last little item before I go. You should recall that back in January the New Horizons space craft, which had already made the first ever flyby of Pluto in July 2015, successfully made another flyby of the furthest ever object visited by a man made probe. See my posts of 3 January 2019 and 30 January 2019.

The Kuiper belt object 2014 MU69 visited by the New Horizons space probe. (Credit: NASA)

Officially known as 2014 MU69 NASA had given the Kuiper belt object the nickname of Ultima Thule, an ancient Latin name for a mythical far northern land. Now however 2014 MU69 has had that nickname taken away from it for reasons that have nothing to do with science or astronomy.

You see Ultima Thule is also the name that the Nazi gave to their fictitious homeland for the Aryan ‘Master Race’. Just to make things worse, even today there are racist, white supremacists who continue to use that name to support their hate filled rhetoric.

The new name chosen by NASA is Arrokoth, which means sky in the Native American Powhatan language. Arrokoth is certainly a good name, perfect for an object in our Solar System and if it had been the first name chosen for 2014 MU69 I would have applauded the choice. But Ultima Thule is also a good name, a name with an ancient, honourable history. To my mind this is another example of how a small group of horrible people have succeeded in perverting something wonderful into something dark and ugly.  

Space News for October 2019.

This month I’m going to use my monthly space news post for an update on NASA’s commercial crew program. You’ll recall that this is the space agency’s plan to hire private companies to launch America’s astronauts into Low Earth Orbit (LOE). NASA has been anxiously waiting for Space X and its competitor Boeing to begin taking America’s astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) so that it no longer has to pay the Russians $80 million dollars for a seat on their Soyuz spacecraft. The first manned missions of the Space X Dragon and Boeing Starliner capsules were supposed to have begun in early 2018 so the whole program is already more than a year behind schedule and there is still no firm date for an actual manned mission. 

The Space X Crew Dragon made an unmanned flight to the ISS in March. (Credit: The Verge)
Boeing’s Starliner capsule has yet to reach orbit but it has completed its in flight abort test. (Credit: Space News)

You may recall that back in March of this year Space X successfully launched an unmanned Dragon capsule that was able to dock at the International Space Station (ISS). This was a planned Orbital Flight Test or OFT. (See my post of 6March 2019) At the time there was hope that the Hawthorn California company would soon become the first private entity to perform a manned space mission, possibly as early as August. After all the Dragon Capsule had only one more test to complete in order for NASA to completely certify it as ready for crewed flight.

That test was a launch pad abort test where the capsule’s solid fuel rockets would be fired. Those are the rockets designed to yank the capsule away from its booster rocket in the event of any problem that could endanger the crew. Well on April 20th something went wrong with the solid fuel rockets and the capsule was nearly destroyed. (See my post of 3August 2019) Needless to say the planned manned mission was postponed and still has not been rescheduled.

The Space X dragon capsule before and after the ‘anomaly’. (Credit: America Space)

Of course Space X immediately began an investigation into the ‘anomaly’ that quickly led to a faulty valve as being the cause. Since then there have been six months of engineering effort on the Dragon capsule so that this week a redesigned Dragon capsule has arrived at Cape Canaveral ready to conduct the in flight abort testing. That test is now being scheduled for sometime after the 23rd of November.

The redesigned Space X Dragon capsule being readied for its in flight abort test. (Credit: The New York Times)

So perhaps Space X is back on track to begin launching astronauts into orbit. Meanwhile Boeing has successfully completed its in flight abort testing and is preparing for an unmanned flight of its Starliner capsule after which it will be certified to begin manned missions.

For a time it appeared as if Boeing had little chance of beating Space X in their commercial space race but the recent problems of the Dragon capsule have given the Starliner the opportunity to catch up. With the completion of its in flight abort test Boeing is now ready to attempt its remaining to tests, the pad abort and OFT which have been given tentative dates of the 2nd of November and the 17th of December. Assuming Starliner passes both these tests a manned mission to the ISS could come in early 2020.

It is hoped that Boeing’s Starliner will make its first, unmanned test launch before the end of the year. (Credit: YouTube)

So it seems as if the race between Space X and Boeing to launch the first commercial space manned space flight could go down to the wire. And both those two companies might be hearing footsteps behind them because there’s a third company preparing to begin commercial space launches as well. Sierra Nevada Corporation’s Dream Chaser isn’t an updated space capsule like the Dragon and Starliner; instead it’s an updated version of the space shuttle.

A mock up of the completed Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser space plane. (Credit: Geekwire)

The main body of the Dream Chaser, which was manufactured by Lockheed Martin Corporation, has arrived at Sierra Nevada’s main plant for completion. Officials at Sierra Nevada are confident that the Dream Chaser will make it maiden, unmanned resupply mission to the ISS sometime in 2021.

The Dream Chaser main body has been delivered to Sierra Nevada Corp for integration into the completed spacecraft. (Credit: Parabolic Arc)

The main body that was delivered measures some 10 meters long by 5 wide and 2 high and can carry 6,000 kilos of supplies. The main body is composed of the most advanced high-temperature composite material. Once the first Dream Chaser is ready a Vulcan Centaur rocket will launch it on its maiden flight. Despite many delays and frustrations the time is now approaching when American astronauts will once again launch into space from American soil. It can’t come soon enough for me.

Space News for October 2018

The big news story this month has to be the launch failure of a manned Soyuz spacecraft on its way to the International Space Station (ISS). The launch took place from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on the 11th of October at about 0847 GMT but it was only a few minutes into the mission that the failure occurred. The image below shows the Russian Soyuz vehicle taking off before the trouble began.

Launch of the failed Soyuz Mission to the ISS (Credit: The Verge)

Thankfully the two-man crew, one Russian and one American, were able to escape from the failed rocket booster rocket and have been safely rescued. The bad news is until a thorough investigation of what went wrong is conducted the entire human race is without a means of putting anyone into outer space. The men on the ISS can return, they have their return Soyuz capsules already up there, but no replacements can go up to take their place.

At the moment there are few details as to the precise nature of the failure. So far it appears that the launch rocket’s second stage failed to separate from the first stage but it could be months before we learn exactly what happened. Ironically an astronaut already on the ISS was filming the launch from orbit and may have in fact have photographed the failure as it occurred. The image below is from that filming.

Soyuz Failure as seen from the ISS (Credit: BGR.com)

Both NASA and Roscosmos, the Russian space agency have already begun investigations but there is no way of telling how long they may take. Until both space agencies are convinced that they have found and fixed the problem the Soyuz is grounded, there will be no more manned space launches.

This disaster has been a possibility ever since NASA ended the Space Shuttle program seven years ago. In all of that time the US has been completely dependent on the Russians to take our astronauts back and forth to the ISS, at about $60 million dollars a ticket! Having only a single space system capable of manning the ISS, a single point of failure, is always a risky way to operate.

The immediate effect of the Soyuz failure on mission of the ISS is that two crewmembers will not be able to undertake their scheduled mission of staffing and maintaining the ISS, although NASA director James Brindenstine has announced that he still expects a December Soyuz launch to go forward. As to the long-term effect, I guess we’ll just have to wait and see.

 

Is there any other solution? Is there nothing we can do except wait for the Soyuz to be recertified for manned missions. Well an announcement by NASA just a few days before the Soyuz failure may point to the way forward.

For the past several years NASA has been funding Space X and Boeing in their development of manned capsules under the Commercial Crew Program (See my post of August 4th 2018 for the announcement of the planned first crews). Well NASA has just announced a tentative timetable for the first manned launches to take place from American soil since 2011.

Space X will conduct an unmanned test mission of their Dragon capsule in January of 2019 and if all goes well that will be followed by a manned mission to the ISS in June 2019. Boeing meanwhile will conduct its unmanned test launch of its Starliner capsule in March with a manned mission to the ISS in August.

Now before you say, that’s great, at most we won’t be able to send astronauts to the ISS for eight or nine months and after that we won’t even have to pay the Russians for a ride; that schedule is assuming everything goes according to plan. Also, the first missions to the ISS were intended to be for a one week stay only. Will NASA be prepared to risk a longer mission to the ISS with unproven spacecraft? That’s a very good question and I’ll wager that the engineers working on the commercial crew program, NASA, Space X and Boeing are very busy right now considering that option. The images below show Space X’s Dragon and Boeing’s Starliner capsules.

Boeings Starliner and Space X’s crewed Dragon Capsules (Credit: Space News)

Anyway you look at it the next the next year in manned spaceflight is going to be very eventful.

In the long term however there has also be some interesting news that may show us a glimpse of the future of manned space exploration. This week Lockheed Martin released its preliminary design for a reusable Moon lander that would take four astronauts from Lunar orbit to the surface and back to Lunar orbit after a week’s stay. The lander, see image below, would then be refueled in orbit for subsequent missions.

Lockheed Martin’s Preliminary Design for a reusable Moon Lander (Credit: Space News)

 

This idea of a reusable lander would be an extension of NASA plan for a space station in Lunar orbit known as the Lunar Gateway (See post of March 24th 2018 for more details).  In other words we’re taking about systems that won’t be ready for ten years at the very least so all of this is very preliminary!

It does seem as if, after several decades of going nowhere, the various space programs around the world are starting to find their way forward in the manned exploration of space.

Space News for July 2018; Space X and Boeing Prepare for Unmanned missions for their Commercial Crew Capsules!

The big news this week is the arrival at Cape Kennedy of the first “spaceworthy” crewed version of Space X’s Dragon Capsule, see image below. This arrival is in preparation an unmanned test launch to be conducted later this year.

Space X Manned Version of their Dragon Capsule (Credit: Space X)

Know as Demonstration Module 1 (DM-1), the capsule had just finished two weeks of environmental tested at NASA’s Plum Brooke Station in Ohio. Here the DM-1 was placed in the facilities huge vacuum chamber and exposed to all of the hazards of a trip in Earth Orbit. In addition to a vacuum the chamber can also subject whatever equipment is being tested to either the intense, unfiltered sunlight or the absolute darkness of space, the extremes of heat and cold.

These tests were all conducted to verify that the DM-1 capsule is ready to take human beings into space as a part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program which will take astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS). The fact that these tests were successfully completed in only two weeks is a good sign that the DM-1 is ready for its test mission later this year. The image below shows an unmanned Dragon supply capsule taking off on its way to the ISS, a preview of the forth coming DM-1 mission.

Launch of an Unmanned Space X Dragon Capsule (Credit: Space X)

While this first test mission will be unmanned it will still conduct a full mission profile, rendezvousing with the ISS and ending with a re-entry and splashdown, just as a manned mission would. The mission is currently slated to begin on August 31st 2018 but NASA has indicated several times that the launch date will probably be pushed back until sometime in the fourth quarter of the year with the first actual manned launch sometime in the first half of 2019.

 

Meanwhile Space X’s competitor Boeing is also making considerable progress in preparing their proposed manned capsule the Starliner, see image below. The Starliner’s initial, unmanned test flight is also still scheduled for August but it is also likely to be pushed back into the fourth quarter of the year.

Boeing Starliner Capsule (Credit: Boeing)

Part of the reason for the slippage is the already heavy schedule of launches at Cape Kennedy along with the already scheduled crew transfer and resupply missions to the ISS. Hopefully NASA will work out the scheduling conflicts while both Space X and Boeing finish preparing their capsules. NASA’s is soon going to run out of purchased tickets on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft so by next year the US will have no other way of getting into space.

 

There was also a second story this week which has a certain, it’s about time quality to it. The United Kingdom has just decided on the location of their spaceflight launch facility. Sixty years into the space age and Britain, one of the world’s most advanced nations, a leader in space technology has only now decided from where to launch its satellites.

There are a couple of very good reasons as to why the UK waited so long before getting into the satellite launch business. Britain is a small, densely populated country with little room from which to safely launch big rockets. Also most launch facilities, like Cape Kennedy and the European Space Agency’s launch site in Guyana, are close to the equator where the spin of the Earth can actually give a 1500 KPH start to any launch.

In recent years however, miniaturized satellites launched into polar orbits have become a sizeable slice of the space industry market and the UK wants to grab a piece of that pie. The chosen location of Sutherland on the A’Mhoine peninsula on Scotland’s north coast will allow rockets to be fired due north. This would place the satellite into an orbit that will allow the Earth to rotate beneath it so that eventually the entire planet can be observed by the satellite’s sensors. See the map below.

Sutherland County Scotland (Credit: Wikishire)

The UK Space Agency will build the launch facility with the help of the American firm Lockheed-Martin and hopes that the first launches will take place sometime in the early 2020s.