On the 8th of April 2024 North America was treated to one of the most spectacular astronomical events as a total eclipse of the Sun raced across Mexico, 13 of the United States along with the Maritime Provinces of Canada. I started my planning for the eclipse last year and decided that Texas had the best chance of good weather in April. When it comes to eclipses it’s all about the weather and getting your arrangements made early!
The town in Texas I choose is known as Greenville, just about 50 kilometers to the east of Dallas which was scheduled to see four minutes and five seconds of totality, weather permitting. Anyway, by last Thanksgiving I had my flight planned and motel booked for the event. All I needed was clear skies.
Now I saw my first total eclipse in Sweetwater Tennessee back in 2017. Like Sweetwater, Greenville made quite a few preparations for the crowd of people that could be expected to arrive to see the eclipse. See my post of 24 August 2017 for my report on that eclipse. However, whereas Sweetwater had closed off their main street and a small park for the eclipse, Greenville set up for this year’s eclipse in a large Sports Park just outside of the town where there was plenty of room for parking and a nice big area for food and other vendors to set up. The town even hired a DJ to provide music in the hours before the eclipse and went to the trouble of erecting about 30 picnic tables. Everything was ready we just needed good weather.
The day before the eclipse was mostly sunny as I did some fossil hunting at the Ladonia Fossil Park along the Sulfur River and when 1PM arrived I remember thinking, “if only tomorrow at this time is this clear!” It wasn’t. The morning of the eclipse dawned with a thick layer of clouds blanketing the sky and we anxiously checked the weather forecasts to see if there was any hope of the sky clearing for the time of totality at 1:42 PM. According to the forecasts there was hope of some clearing by noon, partly sunny to mostly sunny depending on which weather report you read.
Anyway we were the very first to arrive at the parking lot at about 8 O’clock so we got the best spot to park in. None of the vendor’s opened until 10 O’clock however so we had two hours to wait. As we waited my sister spotted a couple of Scissor-tailed flycatchers which kept her busy trying to get some good pictures of them while my brother and I just worried about the cloud cover.
By 10 O’clock you could see that the clouds were thinning even though they still covered the sky. By 11 there were a few small breaks and around 11:30 the Sun finally started appearing in and out of the clouds so that we could actually use the eclipse glasses and the eclipse binoculars I bought.
The partial eclipse started at just about noon and with the thin wispy clouds you often didn’t need the eclipse glasses because the clouds cut out just enough light so it didn’t hurt your eyes. As we watched the sky cleared more and more although the clouds never completely dissipated.
When totality came at 1:42 PM there were still a few thin clouds that passed in front some of the time but despite them we were able to see the entire four minutes and five seconds of totality. In fact the light of the corona passing though the clouds made the eclipse look quite spectacular, although it probably made any real scientific measurements impossible. By the way the skies around the eclipse also cleared enough for me to see both the planet Venus and, for a few seconds Jupiter.
Since our motel was only a few kilometers away we stayed after totality and watched most of the partial eclipse that followed. Most of the crowd left immediately however, as did the vendors so around 2:30 we also packed up our stuff and headed back to our motel. Even as we were leaving the skies were beginning to darken again and that night around 8:30 a severe thunderstorm with heavy hail rained down as we relaxed in our room.
So I feel I got lucky, I got to see my second eclipse despite some bad weather. With two total eclipses along with a transit of Venus and a transit of Mercury the two big items remaining in my astronomical bucket list now are the Northern Lights and a really good Occultation by the Moon. If I ever see either of them I’ll be sure to let you know!
Apocalyptic disasters that destroy all but a small handful of human beings have been written ever since the flood story in the Lay of Gilgamesh, from which the flood story in the Bible was derived. Such catastrophe epics became even more popular after the invention of nuclear weapons when humanity gained the ability to cause our own destruction. Whether by an act of God or by our own technology apocalypses are a definite genre in SF.
‘The Ark’ by Christopher Coates is such an end of the world story. Astronomers have discovered a comet that will approach Earth in three years. It’s not going to hit us, but it will pass very close and its tail is extremely radioactive. Material from that tail will go into orbit around our planet, slowly seeping into the atmosphere for twenty years, killing every living thing on the surface. So ‘The Ark’ is an Act of God type of apocalypse. I have quite a few problems with this ‘radioactive comet’ scenario but I’ll save them for later.
By a sheer coincidence I started reading ‘The Ark’ at the same time as the 60th anniversary of the Stanley Kubrick movie ‘Doctor Strangelove’. You may recall how, at the end of that movie a Soviet ‘Doomsday Device’ is going to blanket the entire world with enough radioactive fallout to kill every living thing.
“Mister President,” Strangelove announces as the doomsday device is triggered. “I would not rule out the possibility of preserving a nucleus of human specimens.” His plan is to set up living quarters for a few thousand people deep underground in mine shafts until the radiation is gone. I have to wonder if author Christopher Coates got his theme from Strangelove because that’s pretty much the plan in ‘The Ark’.
Of course in the novel the plan is a great deal more detailed and it also includes the idea of human hibernation, in fact a good deal of the story concerns the development of hibernation technology. So 10,000 carefully selected people, experts in various fields that will be required in order to rebuild civilization are buried beneath the Rocky Mountains, along with a lot of equipment in a great big sleep chamber. At the same time smaller groups of people will try to survive for twenty years in mine shafts throughout the country.
I have several problems with ‘The Ark’ and I’ll start with the radioactive comet that triggers the whole thing. Intense radioactivity implies short-lived radioactivity. The intense radioactive element Radium is extremely scarce just because it is so radioactive. After a few billion years in the Oort cloud at the outskirts of our Solar System no comet is going to be extremely radioactive. Still, O’k for the sake of the story I’ll let that pass, suspension of disbelief after all. But then add in the bit about the radioactive material going into orbit and slowly seeping into our atmosphere. Finally, although US astronomers and NASA scientists realize the danger three years before the comet gets here no other country ever figures it out. In fact the rest of the world is pretty much ignored, only Americans are going to survive this apocalypse, we don’t even let the Brits or Canadians in on the end of the world.
Still, suspension of disbelief for the sake of the story, that’s where the second problem comes in because the story in ‘The Ark’ is really pretty dry. There’s no conflict to speak of and the few plot twists don’t generate much suspense. In fact the whole novel reads more like a manual for surviving an apocalypse than a story about one.
I’m not saying that ‘the Ark’ is a bad novel, it is a quick read and pretty much kept my attention. It certainly needs more work however. At least it could have a plausible reason for why the comet is so radioactive and add in some international intrigue to introduce some degree of conflict, some suspense. Finally the novel ends just as the rebuilding process has begun which makes me wonder if a sequel is already in the works.
So if you’ve got a few hours to spare for an interesting, if not exactly perfect end of the world novel you might enjoy ‘The Ark’ by Christopher Coates.
Anyone who is familiar with physics today knows that the mysteries being studied are pretty esoteric in nature. Things like Black Holes, Dark Energy, Marjorana Particles, Quantum Gravity; these are the subjects that occupy the physics community nowadays. The behaviors of everyday objects in our everyday world, those problems were all solved by Galileo and Newton, weren’t they?
Well, not quite. Turns out there are still a few problems; usually dealing with a large number of objects under special circumstances that physicists have never really been able to solve rigourously. Today I’d like to discuss two of these problems, one of which has finally been solved and another whose solution remains elusive.
The first problem, the one that has recently been solved is a familiar one to anyone who has shopped for fruits or vegetables. Greengrocers wanting to display their tomatoes or apples or other nice round fruit commonly do so by spreading them out on an inclined plane, see image below:
Now, if you look closely at the peaches, plums, apples and oranges in the image you’ll see that by stacking them in tightly the fruits all form a nice hexagonal array. The question is, when a customer takes a single fruit out of the display what are the chances of them causing a collapse or avalanche of the entire array. Or to put it another way, how many fruits can be taken out of such an array before a collapse occurs.
Seems simple enough doesn’t it, but remember there are a lot of different particles, different individual fruits that is, and each and every fruit exerts a force on every other fruit. That’s right even the mass of the orange on the upper right exerts a force on the orange at the bottom left and, keeping in mind Newton’s third law that “For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction” that means that the orange at the bottom left exerts a force on the orange at the top right. Oh, and let’s not forget that the angle at which the oranges are stacked is certainly going to be a factor.
So you see the whole mess gets really complicated really quickly which is why physicists have hated problems like this throughout the 18th, 19th and even the 20th century. That’s why the solution had to wait until the 21st century and the development of supercomputers. That’s right the physicists who solved the problem did so but running a vast number of numerical simulations, they let the computer do the arithmetic.
The physicists, Eduardo Rojas, Hector Alarcon, Vincente Salinas, Gustavo Castillo and Pablo Gutierrez all hail from three universities in Chile, the Universidad de Autofagasta, Universidad Autonoma de Chile and the Universidad de O’Higgins. For their simulations they considered identical spherical balls each with a diameter of 4cm and a mass of 2.93 gm, basically tennis balls. Altogether the team ran simulations with 90 balls with 6 rows alternating between 7 and 8 balls each. They then scaled up that basic array to arrays of 372, 846, 1512 and 2370 balls.
The first thing the physicists found was that for very low angles an avalanche may never occur, obviously if the angle is zero you could lift out every ball with no collapse occurring. Conversely for a very high angle removing even a single ball can cause an avalanche. The interesting results came, as I’m sure you guessed, from medium angles. After numerous simulations were run the researchers found that avalanches typically occurred after 10% of the balls were removed and that the original number of balls in the array had only a small effect on that percentage.
So the next time you’re in the local supermarket and you reach for that one perfect apple in a big display, rest assured that you probably won’t cause all of the apples to go tumbling onto the floor. Unless of course several other customers have already plucked out their apples.
The other everyday physics problem is one that will also have a familiar feel about it. Imagine a large container that is only partially filled with a variety of mixed nuts, some small like peanuts or almonds, some large like walnuts and hazelnuts. Now you want to have all of your nuts nicely distributed so that anyone who wants a peanut just has to reach in and take one off the top while anyone who wants a hazelnut can do the same. So you put a lid on your container and give it a good shake for a minute or so to get all the nuts scrambled together.
Problem is that when you open the container what you find is that the top layer is completely made up of the big walnuts and hazelnuts with all of the smaller nuts down at the bottom. And it’s not the shape of the objects that causes the effect, you can do the same experiment with BBs and marbles, the smaller BBs will go to the bottom while the larger marbles end up on top.
On the one hand it doesn’t make sense, you’d think that the larger, heavier objects would be able to force their way to the bottom. But at the same time maybe the small sized objects are able to squeeze their way between the bigger objects so that they end up on the bottom.
The plain fact is that the smaller objects do go to the bottom but we really don’t know how. Again the problem seems simple enough in detail but when you consider dozens or even hundreds of objects the amount of arithmetic quickly becomes a nightmare. Like with the fruit avalanche problem above the ‘Hazelnut Problem’ as it’s often call, or more formally Granular Convection, will hopefully one day be solved by thousands of simulations carried out on a supercomputer.
There you have it, two ‘classic’ problems in physics that neither involve field theory, nor particles traveling near the speed of light or getting too close to a black hole. Two ordinary problems in everyday life. One of which took hundreds of years to solve while the other remains unsolved.
I assume by now everyone out there has heard about the Solar Eclipse that is going to occur on April the eighth. That day the Moon will cross in front of the Sun completely blocking out the Sun’s light in the middle of the day. The celestial event will draw a line of totality across the North American continent traversing Mexico before passing through 13 states of the US with the show finally ending in the maritime provinces of Canada.
I’ve had my eclipse plans made for sometime now. I’ve got plane tickets and hotel reservations in a small town in Texas just to the east of Dallas. I won’t have to move an inch to see a full four minutes of totality, weather permitting that is. That’s always the big question with any rare astronomical event, whether it’s an eclipse or a transit or an occultation, will the weather be good enough so that you can see? So wish me luck and I’ll tell you all about it when I get back. (See my post of 24 August 2017 about the eclipse of 2017.)
Before I move on to my next story a word of warning about looking directly at the Sun at any time, not just during an eclipse. Yes, I know you’ve heard this all before, nevertheless get a good pair of eclipse glasses before April 8th and BE SURE TO USE THEM! I’m certain by now you’re as tired as I am about hearing the warnings but you’d be surprised at just how many people ignore those warnings no matter how many times they hear them. So, please get a good pair of eclipse glasses and use them when viewing the eclipse. By the way, the Sun is interesting to look at, WITH GLASSES, even when there’s no eclipse.
Some astronomical events last a little longer than an eclipse however, giving an observer chances on several nights to see it, and one of those may happen later on this year. The star system designated as T Coronae Borealis (T CrB) is known to astronomers as a repeating nova, that is a star system that periodically increases in brightness by hundreds or even thousands of times for short periods of time, usually around a month. Now we’re not talking about a supernova here, you know those massive stars that can end their brief lives in huge explosions that can outshine their entire galaxy for a month or so. Such stars can only explode once and then leave behind either a neutron star or a black hole. (See my post of 26 May 2021 for more information on Supernovas) Ordinary nova may not be as spectacular but some nova can repeat their brilliant displays.
T Coronae Borealis is a double star system that lies about 3,000 light years away in the constellation Coronae Borealis or the Northern Crown. The system consists of a white dwarf star that is closely orbited by a red giant. The two stars are in fact so close that the white dwarf is stealing material from the outer envelopes of it companion. Eventually enough matter falls onto the surface of the white dwarf to trigger a fusion eruption, causing the dwarf to shine thousands of times brighter, for as long as the eruption lasts.
T Coronae Borealis is one of only five known periodic novas in our galaxy and has been observed to erupt every 80 years for the last several centuries. The last time the system went nova was back in 1948 so it’s about due. The best estimate is that the system will erupt sometime between now and September, but of course it’s always hard to make accurate estimates about something that is happening 3,000 light years away.
Normally T Coronae Borealis shines at a magnitude of +10, far to dim to be seen with the naked eye, even with really dark skies our human vision cannot see anything higher than a +6. As I said however as a nova the star could shine thousands of times brighter, reaching up to perhaps a +2, about the same level of brightness as Polaris the north star and therefore quite visible, even with city lights. And T Coronae Borealis should remain that bright for at least a week giving everyone in the northern hemisphere at least several chances to see this rare event.
Speaking of supernovas the last such giant event in our galaxy happened back in 1987 when a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy to our Milky Way, exploded. SN 1987A as it is known was the closest supernova to Earth since the time of Kepler back in the late 17th century and the first, and so far only, supernova for which we actually have a picture of the star before it exploded. (Again see my post of 26 May 2021))
Now when a star goes supernova the outer layers of the star are ejected out into the interstellar medium seeding that medium with the heavier elements that had been generated in the star. The star’s inner core however collapses inward becoming either a neutron star or a black hole.
Now ever since the explosion of SN1987A dissipated astronomers have been searching for any sign of the compact object that was left behind. Astronomers know of many such objects known as pulsars like the one at the heart of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant. Thirty-five years of searching however failed to find any trace of whatever was left of the star that became SN1987A.
Until now, now new observations by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have detected light coming from argon and sulfur atoms surrounding a neutron star at the heart of the supernova remnant. The kind of light Webb detected indicates that the atoms had been electrically charged or ionized by the intense radiation from the neutron star. Although not a direct detection of the neutron star astronomers are calling it a ‘fingerprint’ and it is certainly the best evidence so far.
Proving once again that ‘The Greatest Show on Earth’ is actually not on our planet but in the skies above our heads.
The novel ‘Dune’, by author Frank Herbert is, like Tolkien’s ‘Lord of the Rings’ and Martin’s ‘A Game of Thrones’ best known for the author’s ability to convincingly create a world unlike anything the book’s readers have ever experienced. The world of ‘Dune’ takes place about 9,000 years from now when humanity has spread to a number of different star systems. Interstellar travel is only possible however, thanks to a mystical drug known as ‘spice’, which can only be found on the desert world called Arrakis.
How the ‘spice’ works is never fully explained, suffice it to say that ‘spice’ is a hallucingenic, mind expanding drug, of the sort that were all the rage back in the 1960s when ‘Dune’ was written. Obviously this ‘spice’ is the most valuable and sought after commodity in the known universe. ‘Dune’ is about the political intrigues and violent conflicts over control of the ‘spice’.
Now world building of this sort takes time and a lot of attention to details, which is why stories like ‘The Lord of the Rings’ and ‘A Game of Thrones’ are really long books, so long in fact that they are usually cut into several books. The original ‘Dune’ remained as one book but Frank Herbert and his son have written a number of sequels that take place on the desert world Arrakis.
Still, trying to turn a large work like ‘Dune’ into a single movie is a recipe for disaster as was demonstrated by the Dino de Laurentiis version in 1984, well known in SF circles as something to be laughed at despite having some really good actors in it. In order to come in under budget the special effects were childish and there was simply not enough time to really enter the world of ‘Dune’.
The producers of the latest version of ‘Dune’ recognized this problem and so they immediately decided to split ‘Dune’ into two movies, each longer than the entire 1984 version. What they didn’t recon with was the covid-19 pandemic, which forced the two parts of ‘Dune’ to be released 3 years apart.
In Part 1, Duke Atreides has been granted the planet Arrakis by the Emperor, played by Christopher Walken, to replace Baron Harkonnen, played by Stellan Skarsgard, because the Baron has failed to put down a insurrection by the native people of Arrakis known as the Fremen. The takeover is really a trap however because the Emperor is jealous of the Duke’s influence with the other noble houses. Thanks to treachery the Harkonnens attack and destroy the Atreides, only the Duke’s wife Jessica, played by Rebecca Ferguson, and young son Paul, played by Timothȇe Chalamet, manage to escape into the desert. There’s a lot more to Part 1 then that but I don’t want to give too much away.
I do have to mention the giant worms that inhabit the deserts of Arrakis however. These animals attack anything that causes a vibration and can easily destroy almost anything they can reach, making the harvesting of the ‘spice’ quite dangerous. Anyway Part 1 ends with Paul and his mother making contact with and being tentatively accepted by the Fremen.
In part two Paul and Jessica learn Fremen ways, including how to actually ride the giant worms. At the same time the Harkonnens begin an offensive against the Fremen meant to eliminate them. Part 2 is therefore the story of the fight between the Harkonnen, backed by the Emperor and the Fremen with Paul and Jessica gaining power within Fremen society.
On top of all the political intrigue and battles there’s a heavy coating of religious mysticism in ‘Dune’. Everybody has prophecies, the Bene Gesserit sisterhood have their prophecy of a superman type, the Fremen have their prophecy of a saviour etc, etc. The question is, is Paul the one who was foretold?
While the special effects in ‘Dune Part 2’ are quite good I do have a couple of criticisms. For one thing the editing is a bit annoying, Paul has many visions during the story and it’s often hard to tell reality from vision, you can get quite confused if you’re not paying attention and aren’t familiar with the story. Some of the acting isn’t great as well, particularly Timothȇe Chalamet who seems to be sleepwalking a good part of the time. Finally, as I mentioned above the novel really glosses over how interstellar travel works, well in ‘Dune Part2’ it’s completely ignored, I believe it was mentioned briefly in part 1.
Those are a few of my problems with the movie ‘Dune Part2’ but I have to be honest, I’ve always had a few problems with the novel Dune ever since I first read it back in the 70s. First of all, on the desert world Arrakis, where do the worms get enough food to grow so big? Second, and more importantly, if the ‘spice’ is absolutely necessary for interstellar travel, something that again is never really explained, how did humanity ever get to Arrakis in the first place to discover the ‘spice’? I know that’s nitpicking but in a story that pays so much attention to detail in the rituals of the various societies portrayed, those questions leave quite a big hole to me.
Nevertheless ‘Dune’ is a classic of Science Fiction and it deserved a decent treatment as a movie. So go see ‘Dune Part2’, but only after seeing part 1, otherwise you’ll be completely confused as to what is going on.
Back around one hundred years ago it was thought that the story of civilization could basically be told in approximately a linear fashion. Agriculture in the eastern Mediterranean gave rise to the cities of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Civilization then moved westward to first Greece, then Rome leading finally to Germany, France and Britain. There were a few outliers of course, mysterious cultures in China or Meso-America but really the main thrust of human progress was westward across the top of the Mediterranean basin.
Today we know better. Hundreds of discoveries from excavations around the world have shown us that as long ago as 30,000 years or even earlier, wherever human beings settled they began to develop distinct cultures. In today’s post I’ll be discussing two examples of this, one is the discovery of an entirely new and unknown civilization that flourished in the Amazon jungle some 2,000 years ago but I’ll begin with a study showing that long before the classical Greek period there already were distinct and sophisticated cultures in Europe.
The people who lived in Europe during the Ice Ages are often depicted as ‘Cave Men’, Neanderthals, barely surviving in a harsh environment with nothing but stone tools and wooden clubs. However by around 34,000 years ago the Neanderthals were gone and the Homo sapiens who replaced them were entering the Neolithic or New Stone Age, a period of increased material culture.
The people in Europe at that time have been given the name Gravettian culture and who lived right across Europe from the steppes of Russia to the Iberian Peninsula. The British Isles and Scandinavia were covered in Ice at this time so it’s not thought that the Gravettians ever settled there. Although these people remained hunter gatherers they also began making their clothes, needles for sewing have been found at their sites, carved small human figurines, know as Venuses because they were mostly large-breasted female figures, and they made extensive use of jewelry. By the way, we have no idea what these people called themselves, the name Gravettian comes from the name of the ‘Type Site’ in France at Le Gravette against which the other 133 known Gravettian sites are compared.
Because their tools, artwork and jewelry were roughly similar it was thought that the Gravettians represented a single, widespread culture. Minor differences were thought to be due to local conditions. The people living near a seashore for example might make greater use of seashells while those living in the interior would make greater use of animal bones and teeth. Still, on the whole the Gravettians were a single culture.
That view has now been brought into serious question by a new study published in the journal Nature Human Behavior by doctoral student Jack Baker at the University of Bordeaux. What Baker did was to survey all of the literature concerning Gravettian sites dating back to the mid-1800s. He then classified the thousands of beads detailed in those papers that were used in jewelry into 13 types based upon what material they were made from, clam shell or snail shell, deer tooth or fox tooth, along with other design elements.
He then examined the classification patterns that he found at the different Gravettian sites, compared them to neighboring sites and discovered that, judging by their jewelry the Gravettians possessed nine distinct cultures. Baker theorizes that the differences in jewelry may have allowed different Gravettian ‘clans’ to recognize ‘friend from foe’ although he also thinks that at the borders between cultures a sharing of jewelry may have taken place. All of which shows that, even in Europe there was a lot more to building civilization that we ever thought.
The second discovery relates to the civilizations of Meso-America, extending and highlighting the uniqueness of those cultures when compared to the western Greco-Roman world. It also enhances our understanding of the pre-Colombian civilizations that inhabited the Amazon River basin, cultures whose very existence were unknown just thirty years ago. Since then however considerable evidence of several complex societies has been discovered from Bolivia through to the mouth of the Amazon, societies that date back as much as 1,500 years. (See my Post of 4 April 2018)
The new discovery, announced in the journal Science not only extends the size of the Amazon culture into the eastern portion of the country of Ecuador but it also extends it back in time to at least 2,500 years ago based the excavations carried out so far. As with many of the latest archaeological discoveries the finds in Ecuador’s Upano valley were first uncovered by an airborne survey of the region using LiDAR, the laser version of radar.
What the survey revealed was over 6,000 platform like earthen mounds averaging 20m by 10m and 2-3m in height and the platforms were normally arranged in groups of 3-6. Lead researcher Professor Stephen Rostain of the National Centre for Scientific Research in France theorizes that each platform could serve like a yard for a single family dwelling although some platforms were large enough for extended family to live there, or even contain communal or ritual structures. These groups of platforms were then connected by a series of extremely straight roads, so straight, considering the hilly terrain that Professor Rostain thinks there must have been some reason, perhaps religious, for making them so straight.
So far only a few of the platforms have been excavated so we can only estimate that the Upano valley civilization began around 2,500 years ago and lasted just about 1,000 years. With 6,000 platforms remaining unexamined there’s a lot to be learned, and a lot of work to be done.
The more archaeologists discover about the many civilizations spread around the world the more it becomes obvious that building civilizations is not confined to any particular region of ethnic group. It’s just something human beings do.
The bad news came shortly after New Year’s with the announcement by climate scientists that the year 2023 was on average the warmest year ever recorded for our planet, surpassing the previous record holder 2016 by nearly a tenth of a degree Celsius. While a 0.1ºC increase may not sound like a great deal that happening for the entire planet over an entire year represents an enormous amount of extra heat in the atmosphere.
The final tally for 2023 was an increase of 1.48ºC above pre-industrial temperatures; just slightly below the 1.5ºC increase that climatologists have been warning for decades will bring on ever greater climate disasters. Worst still, if you consider the 12 month period from the first of February 2023 to the 31 of January 2024 we broke that 1.5ºC barrier.
Meteorologists point out that the strong El Nino pacific weather pattern that developed around May in 2023 added to the historic heat levels measured from June to December, and now January 2024 as well. That El Nino is expected to continue for some time in 2024 so it is perfectly possible that 2024 may wind up being even hotter than 2023. So we are now getting a taste of a world above that 1.5ºC, a world with severe weather year round, from tornadoes during the winter months to endless wildfires, floodings etc.etc. The question is, are people paying attention.
I’m afraid that the answer to that question is no. The climate deniers are still out there, still trying to convince people that civilization will collapse if we don’t keep on burning coal, oil and natural gas. There has been a shift in their arguments however. With the actual measured data clearly showing that the last ten years, 2014 to 2023, were the hottest ten years ever recorded the petroleum industry and its apologists are no longer trying to assert that global warming simply isn’t happening, or at least that human activity isn’t to blame for it. No, instead they are now trying to convince people that, while climate change may be happening, it’s really not going to be that bad and besides there’s nothing we can do to stop it.
This ‘New Denialism’ is showing up in ever increasing numbers of YouTube videos, facebook posts, and other forms of social media. This new denialism is characterized by attacks on possible solutions to global warming along with the worldwide climate movement. False claims that Solar and Wind energy don’t work and that climate scientists are either alarmists or corrupt, I’ll have more to say about that later, have increased to 70% of anti-climate videos on YouTube while actual claims that climate change isn’t happening have dropped to only 14%. Some of the claims come close to hysteria, ‘They’re trying to take away your cars and stoves’ for example or that wind turbines cause cancer. For the most part however the deniers claim that clean, green energy will simply not work and attempts to reduce green house gas emissions will destroy the economy.
One recent claim even asserted that the sonar surveys carried out in preparation for the construction of wind farms along the US Atlantic coastline were causing whales and dolphins to beach themselves. This is despite the fact that the beachings occurred more than nine months after the surveys had been completed. Republican State Legislators in the State of New Jersey even tried to get a bill passed to ‘Save the Whales’ by halting further development work on the wind farms. I’m certain it’s the first time any of them ever cared about Whales.
At the same time other bills and zoning regulations are also cropping up across the country that are designed to restrict if not halt the construction of clean energy wind and solar energy installations. As many as 15% of the counties in the US have passed bans or moratoriums that effectively make it impossible for anyone to construct a large scale wind or solar farm, even on their own property. Worst still, many of the places that are banning green energy projects are the best places for such projects. Think about it, Texas obviously gets a lot more sunlight than Maine, but Texas is an oil state and the politicians in Texas would rather force people to keep burning fossil fuels than allow anyone to build solar power projects. That’s despite the economic benefits from the money for the energy produced along with all the good paying green energy jobs. It’s an old story, many of the people who oppose wind and solar projects actually accept the need for green energy to combat climate change, they just don’t want them in their backyard.
After all of that bad news I do have a small piece of good news. The climate deniers on the web have many times not only lied about climate science but the scientists who are trying to warn us about the climate disasters we now face. These falsehoods have many times gone far beyond criticizing the work the scientists are doing to include allegations that the scientists are taking bribes for falsifying climate data and even claims that the scientists are guilty of crimes, even sex offenses.
Well one noted climate scientist decided to fight back. Michael Mann is a highly regarded climatologist at the University of Pennsylvania here in Philadelphia who has long been in the forefront of the fight to convince the public of the serious threat that greenhouse gasses pose. It was back in 1998 that Doctor Mann published his ‘Hockey Stick’ graph of global temperatures over the past several hundred years.
Dr. Mann had used his research in tree rings, coral reefs and ice cores to show that global temperatures had been relatively stable for centuries before the start of the industrial revolution but that ever since humanity had begun to burn large quantities of fossil fuels global temperatures had spiked dramatically. The graph of that increase was said to resemble a hockey stick, laid on the ground with its blade pointing up, hence the name. That graph became famous and made Mann the target of right-wing critics more interested in defending fossil fuels than the truth or a dedicated scientist’s reputation.
Two conservative writers in particular, Rand Simberg of the Competitive Enterprise Institute and Mark Steyn of the National Review went so far that in 2012 Professor Mann sued them for defamation. It took twelve years of legal wrangling but in early February a jury in Superior Court for the District of Columbia finally agreed with Mann and awarded the climatologist $1 Million in punitive damages. Of course both defendants have announced that they will be appealing the decision so this case isn’t over yet. Still it demonstrates that those people, not just scientists but everyone who is concerned for our planet, can and should stand up to the bullies who ignore the harm they are doing to the world so long as they can make a quick buck.
There’s plenty to talk about this month in Space. For both manned and unmanned spaceflight there’s good news and bad news so let’s start with manned spaceflight first.
The good news of course is the successful launch on January 18th of the Axiom-3 (Ax-3) private mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Although the mission is a private one the crew are not millionaire tourists, they are astronauts representing four different nations. Mission Commander Michael Lopez-Alegria is a dual US-Spanish citizen who has previous flown in space with NASA. The other three crewmen are all space novices with Walter Villadei of Italy serving as Pilot along with Marcus Wandt of Sweden and Alper Gezeravci of Turkey as mission specialists. Astronaut Gezeravci represents Turkey’s first astronaut.
After docking at the ISS on January 20th the four astronauts spent two weeks performing experiments before returning to Earth on their Dragon capsule. The Ax-3 mission is Space X’s twelfth manned mission and as I’ve said before Space X is making the whole process of traveling to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) a routine affair. While the return of the Ax-3 mission was delayed by two days owing to bad weather at the landing zone in the Gulf of Mexico off of Pensacola, Florida the actual re-entry was uneventful, the four astronauts splashing down on February the ninth.
That’s the whole point of the Space X – Axiom collaboration. Using Space X’s reusable Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon Capsule the cost of space travel is steadily coming down, the four nations involved in Ax-3 mission each paid $55 million dollars to send their astronauts into orbit. because of that small countries and corporations can now send scientists and engineers into LOE to do research aboard a new generation of space stations, and the cheaper it gets the more that will do so.
Getting beyond LOE is another matter however. Only one nation, the US has ever succeeded in taking astronauts to Earth escape velocity and the last time they did that was back in 1972. Back in December of 2022 NASA finally succeeded in sending an unmanned, but man capable Orion capsule on a journey around the Moon on its Artemis 1 mission. At that time it was anticipated that the first manned mission, Artemis 2 another trip around the Moon, would take place later this year.
That mission has now been delayed however. On January 9th NASA announced that the Artemis 2 mission would take place No Earlier Than (NET) September of 2025. That schedule change will then affect all subsequent missions in the Artemis program. Artemis 3, the first mission to attempt a landing, will now take place NET late 2026 and most likely will be pushed back into 2027.
The major reason for the delay is the Orion capsule’s heat shield, which during reentry on the Artemis 1 mission did not behave in a ‘nominal’ fashion. Finding out exactly what happened is taking longer than expected and with several additions technical issues as well it was decided to announce the delays now.
The delay in the Artemis missions does not mean that the Moon is lonely however. In January there were two separate attempts at landing a robotic probe on the Lunar surface and again with mixed results. The first to launch was the Peregrine probe that represented the first try at a landing on the Moon by a private corporation; Pittsburgh based Astrobotic Corporation. Sounds a bit like the Ax-3 mission doesn’t it. Similarly to Axiom Space, the idea in the Peregrine lander was that countries or corporations could pay to put an instrument or experiment onboard Peregrine, which Astrobotic would then launch to the Moon.
Peregrine started out with an auspicious launch, the first ever for the new Vulcan rocket from United Launch Alliance (ULA). Vulcan performed well, lifting off from Kennedy Space Center and putting Peregrine into a trajectory for the Moon. However, almost immediately after separating from it’s launch vehicle the probe suffered a fuel leak that spelled disaster for the 1.2 tonne lander. Peregrine never succeeded in leaving Earth orbit and in fact about a week after launch the probe fell back into Earth’s atmosphere and burned up.
The Japanese space agency JAXA was a bit luckier with its Smart Lander for Investigating the Moon or SLIM lunar probe. The landing on the Moon went extremely well with SLIM making the most precise touchdown ever on the Lunar surface, within about 100m of it’s intended position.
Almost immediately however the engineers in Japan noticed that the power levels in the lander’s batteries were dropping rapidly, the craft’s solar arrays were not providing any power to recharge them. Acting quickly the engineers downloaded every image, every bit of data they could from SLIM. Then, about three hours after touchdown on the Moon’s surface the lander was shut down to conserve the last 12% of battery power remaining.
After several days of investigating what happened the engineers at JAXA realized that the spacecraft had somehow landed on its head, it was upside down on the Lunar surface. In that position its solar panels weren’t getting enough of the Sun’s light to fully power the probe causing the drop in electrical power.
The Sun does move across the sky during the Lunar day however and on the 28th of January SLIM’s solar arrays began to produce enough power to allow the engineers in Japan to bring it back to life, for a while at least. The long Lunar night is coming during which time the probe will have to depend on whatever energy is stored it its batteries, so whether SLIM can survive to continue its mission is questionable.
That’s the reality of operating in space however; there are successes, failures and sometimes even partial successes. Like a child learning to walk we are learning how to live and work in space, you have to expect an occasional fall now and then.
One last sad note, NASA’s venerable Voyager 1 spaceprobe is in trouble. The probe, which was launched way back in 1977 and is now 24 billion kilometers from Earth is the farthest man-made object ever and has for the last 10 years been sending back data about conditions in interstellar space.
The trouble started back in November when the data sent back from Voyager suddenly became a repeated pattern of meaningless 1’s and 0’s before turning into what’s known as a ‘carrier tone’, nothing more than a steady hum that at least let’s engineers at NASA know the probe is still there. After several months of investigation the engineers are convinced that the problem lies in the spacecraft’s Flight Data Subsystem and could be something as simply as a single corrupted bit in the memory.
Fixing Voyager’s problem is going to be a very difficult problem, if it can be done at all. The probe is so far away that it takes 45 hours to send a radio signal and get a response back, and right now Voyager isn’t responding. Also, the spacecraft is more than 45 years old, making it older than some of the engineers trying to fix it.
Now Voyager 2 is still transmitting, sending back data from outside our Solar System. Nevertheless, sooner or later we are going to have to accept the loss of both Voyager space probes, let’s just hope it’s not yet!
We all are aware of how the economic conditions in this country have changed over the last 30-40 years. Where once assembly line manufacturing was the main driver of the GDP here in the US now it’s high-tech engineering, microchips and software, industries that require far fewer employees but those with greater education. These changes in the economy have brought with them demographic changes as millions of high school graduates lost well paying jobs with benefits while people with a college degree were in ever greater demand, and therefore saw at least a modest increase in their income and wealth.
One unexpected outcome of these economic changes is the effect on the overall health of the American people caused by a massive growth in ‘Deaths of Despair’ that is drug overdoses, suicide and alcoholism. ‘Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism’ by Anne Case and Angus Deaton examines the increase in drug overdoses, suicide and alcoholism from both an economic and sociological perspective, both authors are retired professors of economics at Princeton University and Professor Deaton was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2016.
‘Deaths of Despair’ begins by demonstrating just how large a problem drug overdoses, suicides and alcoholism have become. In fact these social diseases were actually causing a decline in the average life expectancy of Americans before the Covid-19 pandemic. The book then goes on the show how these ‘Deaths of Despair’ reside almost exclusively in the white male population without a college degree, exactly the part of the population that has seen the most economic turmoil in the last 40 years. That turmoil being the driving force behind the despair a large part of our population now feels.
The central portion of the book is a detailed examination of how the economy has changed over the last 40 years and why damage generated by those changes seem to have almost targeted white males with only a high school education or less. In addition to the lost of income in going from a well paid factory job with benefits to a low paid service job with few benefits ‘Deaths of Despair’ also considers such factors as the loss of pride and community that accompanied the switch from buildings cars at General Motors to flipping burgers at McDonald’s. At the same time social changes of the last few decades added to the despair of white, blue-collar males. The advancement of both woman and minorities only increased the feeling of lost prestige and privilege.
Then, at just the time when these changes were generating despondency within a large section of the population the pharmaceutical industry began a campaign of selling synthetic, non-addictive opioids as a cure all for any kind of pain. Of course we now know that OxyContin and its relatives are actually highly addictive and can even act as gateway drugs to worse opioids like heroin and fentanyl. The callous greed of the drug companies who made billions by turning millions of Americans into addicts, or in all too many cases corpses is graphically detailed.
In the final section of ‘Deaths of Despair’ the authors give their recommendations on how to rebalance the economic system so as to better serve all Americans not just the top 1% or even the better educated. To be honest however the authors are academics and as such they are cautious in their suggestions.
The most fundamental change put forward in ‘Deaths of Despair’ is a complete reform of the healthcare system in the US, which the authors contend does not even meet the criteria of a true capitalist marketplace. Not only are the drug companies and health insurance corporations criticized in detail but hospitals, ambulance services and even doctor’s associations are shown to be guilty of acting as an Oligopoly. (An Oligopoly is a small group of merchants or corporations that by colluding together rather than competing virtually become a monopoly, raising prices while using their power to destroy any competitors) According to the Authors this is why Americans spend more for their healthcare than any other nation while both life expectancy in the US and approval of our healthcare system rank amongst the lowest for any industrialized, wealthy country. In ‘Deaths of Despair’ the authors estimate that a through reform of the health care system could free up as much a a trillion dollars a year in GDP that could be used to maintain our infrastructure, improve education etc, etc, etc.
While reform of the healthcare system is the author’s main recommendation they also suggest a stronger social safety net for those who lose their jobs due to changes in the economic system, the safety net must be of longer duration and include retraining for newer jobs. On the other hand they do not recommend simply raising taxes on the wealthy as a means of fixing income inequality nor do they endorse programs like the Universal Basic Income (UBI).
Now, back in May of 2019 I reviewed the book ‘Dying of Whiteness’ by Jonathan M. Metzl, see my post of 5 May 2019, which covers much the same subject as’ Deaths of Despair’. Mr. Metzl however was a state health official while Professors Case and Deaton are among the world’s leading economists so there is a very different perspective in the two books, to my mind in a way that they compliment each other.
So while I do highly recommend ‘Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism’ I do so with the proviso that it is a very technical book written by scholars who are among the best in their profession. Those readers who really want to understand the complexities of our current situation, both economic and political will gain a great deal from it.
Every individual from nearly every species of animal must from time to time interact with other members of its own species. The most important reason for such contacts is surely procreation but there are countless others such as safety in numbers, hunting in packs or even just agreeing upon separate territories so as to minimize the number of interactions. In all of these contacts there must be some form of communication in order to facilitate the outcome of the meeting.
We humans of course have the best, most versatile form of communication, language but we know that the howling of monkeys, the songs of birds and the barking of dogs are simpler, courser forms of language. At the same time we wonder if some of nature’s other most intelligent species, dolphins or chimpanzees for example, may have languages approaching ours in complexity. Over the past fifty years or so there have been numerous studies to try to ‘talk with the animals’ as Doctor Doolittle would say.
Recently an experiment in communicating with humpback whales has been carried out by a group of researchers from the University of California at Davis, the Alaska Whale Foundation along with the SETI Institute. Humpbacks are well known to communicate with each other using long songs that seem to repeat themselves with slight variations and that can travel for thousands of kilometers in the ocean.
What the team did was to take a boat out to an area of the ocean where humpbacks were known to be and played a recording of a humpback song that was well established as a form of greeting. The humans then waited for a response from one of the whales. They didn’t have to wait for long as a humpback who had been given the name of Twain not only replied to the call but approached the boat and began circling it.
The researchers then began playing other recorded whale calls and each time Twain replied with a different call of his own. Now the scientists had only the vaguest idea of what their calls actually meant in the humpback language, let alone what Twain’s replies meant but they still managed to continue the ‘conversation’ for about twenty minutes.
While a twenty-minute exchange of only half understood messages can hardly be considered a ‘communications breakthrough’ it is nevertheless data that can be analyzed by the mathematical principles known as information theory. And with each additional such encounter scientists will learn a little bit more about how to communicate with the other intelligent creatures that share our world with us.
Another interesting point about the study is the inclusion of the SETI or Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence Institute, an organization dedicated to seeking out intelligent life elsewhere in the Universe, not here on Earth. However the people at SETI recognize that learning how to communicate, or even just being able to recognize an attempt at communication with non-human life here on Earth will help them to better find and contact alien intelligences. Slowly we humans are coming to understand the other intelligences here on Earth and one day soon we’ll be having real conversations with them.
However, as I said above the most important reason living creatures have for interacting with members of their own species is mating, producing offspring to keep the species going, sex! Now we all know that the many different species here on Earth have quite a variety of different ways to have sex. Some species of fish for example gather in large numbers of both genders and then just release both their eggs and sperm into the water knowing that most of the eggs will get fertilized by somebody’s sperm. Many plants actually use an intermediary like a bee to carry their pollen from one flower to another so that fertilization can occur. The only set rule of mating is that, if it works it works.
It was thought that all mammals basically had sex the same way we humans do. The male’s penis penetrates the female’s vagina where it releases the male’s sperm in order to fertilize the female’s egg. Certainly dogs, horses, whales and even egg laying mammals like the platypus do it that way.
Now however a new study from the journal Current Biology has called that assumption into question for one large group of mammals, the bats, based upon videos taken in a church steeple in the Netherlands. The species of bat in the study is known as serotine bats who are native to a wide area of both Europe and Asia. Since bats are nocturnal and often live in hard to access places not a great deal is known about their mating habits in general and the serotine bats in particular were considered mysterious. You see the penis of the male serotine bat was simply too large to fit inside the female’s vagina!
So researchers, led by Dr. Nicholas Fasel filmed hundreds of hours of the bats in the steeple of an Old Dutch church where they succeeded in catching several instances of the bats mating. What they found was that serotine bats mate by simply touching their genitals together in a manner similar to the way most species of birds mate, not mammals. This finding raises the question of whether other bats have sex the same way, quite a few species are known to have oddly shaped if not oversized penises.
So if serotine bats mate by just touching their genitals then why do the males have such large penises? Well, Dr. Fasel points out that the female serotine bat has evolved a flap of their leathery wing as a covering for their vagina in order to prevent an unwanted male from being able to mate with them. He theorizes that perhaps the male has evolved his large penis as a means of pushing that flap out of the way. In other words we may be witnessing a literal battle of the sexes in evolution.
All of which shows that when it comes to interactions between members of the same species nature keeps coming up with odd and interesting ways of doing things.